Free Essays on I Want To Know Why

In this story, the kid is shown a significant exercise that he doesn’t comprehend. In the story, the primary character (MC) and his companions go to the circuit in their old neighborhood to see the ponies and be around the people there. They love ponies and the climate that the ponies carry with them to the course. In the story there is a man that MC admires more than his dad. This shows he didn't see his dad as an immediate impact and authority figure in his life. He esteemed another bizarre man more. He felt that he could identify with this man more. This is evident in today’s society too. Numerous teenagers see their folks, or all the more legitimately their dads, along these lines. In our story, the MC is semi close with his dad. They are in the regards that his dad comprehends that the MC is most likely going to do what he needs. Locating page two, the whole second passage, the MC says that he and his companions concluded that they were going to embark to an alternate town where there was a major race. They completely ignored what their folks would state. The MC’s father disclosed to him he could go to the race in his old neighborhood; the MC didn’t anticipate that his dad should be excessively disturbed. This depicts the MC has next to no regard for his dad and his choices. At the point when the MC gets back toward the finish of the story, he says that his dad didn’t state a lot, locating page 5 in the fifth full section. This shows his dad was frustrated in him. What might you anticipate from a kid that is as yet growing up and insubordinate without a harsh and determined dad figure. In today’s society, a little youngster of the age of 13 to 16 will do what he needs in the event that he doesn’t have a dad who puts his nose in his son’s business enough to clarify the world for what he can and to help his child through difficulties throughout his life. From my very own encounters, I can say that I have been one of the blessed little fellows growing up with a dad figure about me. My dad... Free Essays on I Want To Know Why Free Essays on I Want To Know Why In this story, the kid is shown an important exercise that he doesn’t comprehend. In the story, the principle character (MC) and his companions go to the circuit in their old neighborhood to see the ponies and be around the society there. They love ponies and the environment that the ponies carry with them to the course. In the story there is a man that MC admires more than his dad. This shows he didn't see his dad as an immediate impact and authority figure in his life. He esteemed another unusual man more. He felt that he could identify with this man more. This is evident in today’s society too. Numerous teenagers see their folks, or all the more legitimately their dads, thusly. In our story, the MC is semi close with his dad. They are in the regards that his dad comprehends that the MC is most likely going to do what he needs. Locating page two, the whole second passage, the MC says that he and his companions concluded that they were going to embark to an alternate town where there was a major race. They completely dismissed what their folks would state. The MC’s father disclosed to him he could go to the race in his old neighborhood; the MC didn’t anticipate that his dad should be excessively vexed. This depicts the MC has almost no regard for his dad and his choices. At the point when the MC gets back toward the finish of the story, he says that his dad didn’t state a lot, locating page 5 in the fifth full section. This shows his dad was disillusioned in him. What might you anticipate from a kid that is as yet growing up and defiant without a harsh and persistent dad figure. In today’s society, a little youngster of the age of 13 to 16 will do what he needs in the event that he doesn’t have a dad who puts his nose in his son’s business enough to clarify the world for what he can and to help his child through experiences throughout his life. From my very own encounters, I can say that I have been one of the blessed little youngsters growing up with a dad figure about me. My dad...

William Burroughs’s Fiction Essay Example for Free

William Burroughs’s Fiction Essay This paper will contend that William Burroughs’s fiction is aimed at undercutting and deconstructing the prevailing social request and standard shows and social practices. In such books as The Western Lands (1987), The Soft Machine (1961), The Ticket that Exploded (1962) or The Nova Express (1964) the writer builds undeniable abstract fugitives †criminals, conmen, and so forth †so as to embody the mighty and ill-conceived manners by which thoughts, assessments or the whole reality can be forced on the alienated other. Along these lines, William Burroughs’ books likewise offer an impression of American industrialist society and its unconventional force relations. This subject will be examined in the novel considering Guy Debord’s The Society of the Spectacle which talks about the specular character of the capital society and the holes among the real world and portrayal. In his article on Burroughs, Frederick M. Dolan contends that  in the writer’s books, all the rebel figures â€Å"control others by acing the craft of creating distinctive and persuading portrayals, abusing the naã ¯ve, mystical inclination to accept that when language shows up generally significant, it has on the grounds that it has set up a referential relationship to the world† (Dolan, p. 536). This is decisively what the â€Å"society of the spectacle† is endeavoring to accomplish by superimposing the demonstration of industrialist request on regular reality. Burroughs was additionally exceptionally keen on demonstrating the contorting intensity of language and the manners by which reality can be controlled along these lines. From this viewpoint, Jacques Derrida’s book, Of Grammatology, will be especially valuable in the investigation of Burroughs’s language treatment and of the manners by which the writer’s purposeful foregrounding of the holes among signifier and meant subvert the entrepreneur social request and imbued thought-instruments. Burroughs decries contemporary man as machine, as aloof recipient of philosophy. Works Consulted: Burroughs, William S. The ticket that detonated. Forest Press, 1987. Dolan, Frederick M.  â€Å"The Poetics of Postmodern Subversion: The Politics of Writing in William S. Burroughss The Western Lands†, pp. 534-551. Contemporary Literature  © 1991 University of Wisconsin Press. Debord, Guy. The Society of the Spectacle. New York: Zone Books, 1994. Derrida, Jacques: Of Grammatology. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998. Harris, (Oliver C. G.). William Burroughs and the mystery of interest.  Southern Illinois University Press, c2003. Lee, Witness. Word infection : the William S. Burroughs peruser. Forest Press, 1998. - . Nova express. Forest Press, 1965. - . The delicate machine ; Nova express ; The wild young men : three books. Forest Press, 1988. Lydenberg, Robin. Word societies : radical hypothesis and practice in William S. Burroughs fiction. College of Illinois Press, 1987.Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998 New York : Zone Books, 1994. New York : Zone Books, 1994. New York : Zone Books, 1994. Morgan, Ted. Scholarly fugitive : the life and times of William S. Burroughs. H. Holt, 1988. Pepper, Andrew. â€Å"State Power Matters: Power, the State, and Political Struggle in the Post-War American Novel†. Printed Practice, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 467-91, December 2005. Philips, James. â€Å"Life in Space: William Burroughs and the Limits of the Society of Control†. Writing and Esthetics: The Journal of the Sydney Society of Literature and Esthetics, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 95-112, June 2006. Schneiderman, Davis. Retaking the universe : William S. Burroughs in the time of globalization. Pluto Press, 2004. Sobieszek, Robert A. Ports of section : William S. Burroughs and human expressions. Los Angeles County Museum of Art ; 1996.

MIT Meetings with Brown Yale in CA, IL, MI, NV, OH

MIT Meetings with Brown Yale in CA, IL, MI, NV, OH Beginning this weekend, MIT will be going on the road with Brown Yale Universities for meetings in Northern California/Nevada and the Midwest. Details can be found here: brownmityale.org These meetings will be a great opportunity for high school sophomores and juniors to hear from three great universities all in one place. Each school will talk a little about what makes it unique, and will also describe common philosophies on admissions, financial aid, and more. Each session, including QA, will run about 90 minutes. You can RSVP at brownmityale.org. In addition, we will also host breakfast meetings for your guidance counselors. Were excited to have these conversations with your counselor about the state of admissions. Counselors can RSVP at brownmityale.org. I know that many blog readers are seniors, so for you, I have this mission (if you are in the areas of these meetings): 1) inform those great sophomores juniors about the meetings, and 2) tell your guidance counselor about the counselor breakfasts. I should note that in addition to the west coast and midwest, MIT will also attend college fairs this month in New York City and New England. Of course, well also be visiting 70+ cities across the country in the fall, so if were not in your area now, hopefully well be nearby in September or October. We look forward to seeing you!

MIT Meetings with Brown Yale in CA, IL, MI, NV, OH

MIT Meetings with Brown Yale in CA, IL, MI, NV, OH Beginning this weekend, MIT will be going on the road with Brown Yale Universities for meetings in Northern California/Nevada and the Midwest. Details can be found here: brownmityale.org These meetings will be a great opportunity for high school sophomores and juniors to hear from three great universities all in one place. Each school will talk a little about what makes it unique, and will also describe common philosophies on admissions, financial aid, and more. Each session, including QA, will run about 90 minutes. You can RSVP at brownmityale.org. In addition, we will also host breakfast meetings for your guidance counselors. Were excited to have these conversations with your counselor about the state of admissions. Counselors can RSVP at brownmityale.org. I know that many blog readers are seniors, so for you, I have this mission (if you are in the areas of these meetings): 1) inform those great sophomores juniors about the meetings, and 2) tell your guidance counselor about the counselor breakfasts. I should note that in addition to the west coast and midwest, MIT will also attend college fairs this month in New York City and New England. Of course, well also be visiting 70+ cities across the country in the fall, so if were not in your area now, hopefully well be nearby in September or October. We look forward to seeing you!

The Parents Role in School Shootings Essay - 1196 Words

When children commit a horrible act such as a school shooting their parents often look for someone or something to blame rather than looking at what role they, as parents, may have had in the tragedy. The often targeted entertainers, video game developers, teachers, drug companies, and writers are rarely, if ever, responsible for such tragic outcomes and, unfortunately, often become victims as a result of lawsuits filed in an attempt to place blame on them. The parents of dangerous children must be scrutinized and sued alongside every other entity being blamed for the heinous crimes that children commit. When 2 young men, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, went on a shooting spree in Littleton, Colorado, killing 15 people, including†¦show more content†¦Before the 1999 Columbine tragedy, there was the 14-year-old boy in Paducah, Kentucky who, in 1997, went on a shooting spree at his local school. Parents of 3 of the shooting victims filed lawsuits against 25 media companies seeking $130 million in damages, citing that the shooter, Michael Carneal, learned how to shoot a gun by playing video and computer games. The lawsuits further implied that violent movies and internet pornography were to blame for the boy’s behavior (Holmstrom, par. 6). In both the Columbine and the Paducah, Kentucky cases the parents of the shooters were sued on the grounds that they should have known, and prevented, the tragedies from occurring. According to an article written by Mark Walsh regarding the Paducah shooting, a state-law negligence suit â€Å"named 45 defendants, including McCracken County†¦teachers†¦who allegedly failed to interpret â€Å"warning signals† [referring to a paper that Carneal had written depicting a fictitious school shooting] that 14-year-old Michael Carneal would go on a murderous rampage† (Walsh, par. 4). The case against the employees of the McCracken County School District was dismissed by Judge William Shadoan, citing, â€Å"We cannot expect those teachers and administrators to be psychiatrists, lawyers, psychologists, or physicians† (Walsh, par. 15). These school employees should have never been put in the position to have to defend themselves against suchShow MoreRelatedViolence In Schools Is A Big Social Issue That Occurs Almost1339 Words   |  6 Pages Violence in schools is a big social issue that occurs almost everyday throughout the United States. There is no way to tell when it is going to happen, but when it does, people need to be prepared. This violence leads to devastating effects on the students, teachers, and families of these kids. Some violence that occurs within the schools across the United States include physical, mental, or sexual abuse, theft, vandalism, and, the most common form, fighting and bullying. One form of violence withinRead MoreThe Importance of Homeschooling1086 Words   |  5 Pagesthroughout the school drowning out all other noises. The gunman creeps down the hallway as he passes crumpled, bloodied bodies of people that he’s shot. Eventually making his way down to the school’s cafeteria, he meets up with his comrade who is also disguised in army gear. The two gunmen, both students at the school, soon decide to take their own lives in the library of Columbine High School. Considered to b e one of the worst school shootings in history, this event put many parents on edge and causedRead MoreAnalysis Of A Mother s Reckoning 1369 Words   |  6 PagesPaige Collins Mrs.Rogers English 12 Per.03 February 27, 2017 Senior Research Paper School shootings have become most common in the United States with having over 70 shootings since the Columbine Massacre on April 20, 1999. America is the only country that has a lead in the shooting epidemic, and many have questions such as, ‘what are the warning signs of a school shooter or mass murderer?’ As well as wondering if the person could get mental health early in life to prevent anything in the futureRead More Who Is Responsible For The Columbine Killings? Essay1293 Words   |  6 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Even since the shooting at Columbine High School caught the attention of America and all the world on April 20, 1999, high school shootings and other forms of violence at schools has been plaguing America during the last ten years. It is also found that most of the violence that occurs in high schools is caused by young men. Students aren’t feeling safe at school anymore and parents are enraged that students could bring the weapons to school in the first place. Many people haveRead MoreUnderstanding School Shootings774 Words   |  3 PagesUnderstanding School Shootings There are a lot of school shootings happening in the U.S., today. These school shooters have problems, which they need to be helped immediately. Schools need more security in order to prepare for these shootings. People never know or expect a person in their school to start shooting a gun at innocent people. Throughout years, more and more shootings are occurring, we need to find out what causes these tragic dilemmas in schools. Students need to help out other studentsRead MoreArmed Teachers: Superheroes of the Future?1364 Words   |  5 Pagesconsidered outcasts, Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold, walked into Columbine High School in Colorado, opened fire and murdered twelve students, one teacher, while injuring twenty-four additional students before turning the gun on themselves. In 2007, Seung-Hui Choo, a senior at Virginia Tech, shot and killed thirty-two people and injured seventeen others, before turning the gun on himself. It was the deadliest mass shooting at a school in Unite d States history. In 2012, Adam Lanza, shot and killed his motherRead MoreViolent Video Games And Television1485 Words   |  6 Pagesstudents plotted a school shooting, sadly managing to kill 12 students and one teacher, along with several other major injuries. Knowing they would soon be caught, the two perpetrators committed suicide. This was the Columbine High School massacre. Although their motives were unclear, investigators concluded that the shooters conspired to â€Å"compete† against other mass shootings in the ‘90s, stating that they were homicidal psychopaths. The shooting was known as the deadliest school shooting ever recordedRead MoreStrain Theory Essay1361 Words   |  6 Pagesrather have a say and freedom to make their own decisions (Simpson, 2000). Several juveniles can’t achieve these goals because they don’t have the money to go buy clothes or they don’t get treated fairly by others. Then juveniles feel that, â€Å"Their par ents and teachers try to control things such as how they dress, how late they stay out, and with whom they associate† (Simpson, 2000, p.109). Removing the loss of positively valued stimuli is felt when an individual loses something that has a great valueRead MoreThe Non Fiction Account Of Columbine By David Cullen1210 Words   |  5 PagesColumbine is, unsurprisingly, based off of the real-life school shooting of the same name. However, when one really begins to dig into the subject of the book, one will find that the school-shooting serves as just one part in the book as a whole. Columbine does not solely follow the massacre itself. Rather, it tries to focus attention not only on the tragedy in the school, but the tragedy on the outside as well. Cullen’s book makes the shooting a focal point, but leaves much of the story to be toldRead MoreShould Armed Guard Be Patrolled Schools?1240 Words   |  5 PagesShould armed guard be patrolling schools? There were over 200 school shootings in America from 2013 to 2015 — an average of nearly one a week. In all, these incidents resulted in 59 deaths and 124 non-fatal gunshot injuries. A staggering statistic considering that protecting children at schools has been and will be one of the top priorities for all Americans. Americans disagree on many topics and have diverse social and economic beliefs , but we all agree on providing safe and secure learning environments

Literary Analysis Of Things Fall Apart Themes - 1246 Words

Literary Analysis of Things Fall Apart Themes Masculinity â€Å"Okonkwo ruled his household with a heavy hand. His wives, especially the youngest, lived in perpetual fear of his fiery temper† (Achebe 13). Okonkwo is the definition of hypermasculinity. As someone who condemns all things feminine, he never learned how to express his feelings, leading to him lashing out in violence instead. It is important to note his treatment of the women in his life as well. Okonkwo’s poor, often times abusive relationship with them show the value he places on masculinity, as well as the as the lack of on femininity. â€Å"Even as a little boy he had resented his father’s failure and weakness, and even now he still remembered how he had suffered when a playmate had told him that his father was agbala. That was how Okonkwo first came to know that agbala was not only another name for a woman, it could also mean a man who had taken to title† (13). At the base, Okonkwo s misogyny stems from his father, and the society around him. Sh amed in their tribe, Unoka, Okonkwo s father, was everything he did not want to be as a man. His father was lazy, and irresponsible, all of which are attributes the Umuofia society deemed as ‘feminine’. Out of fear of growing up to be similar to his father, Okonkwo tried to become everything his father was not, and that included being the most masculine man he could be. Religion â€Å"The white man is very clever. He came quietly and peaceably with his religion. We wereShow MoreRelatedThe Struggle Between Tradition and Change1056 Words   |  5 PagesOctober 17, 2012 In Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe, the reader is taken on a literary journey to a Nigerian tribe, the Umuofia, to experience first-hand the struggles of a warrior named Okonkwo. At first glance, the novel appears to be written for a very specific audience: scholars familiar with Nigerian history, traditions, and culture. However, upon further examination the novel reveals itself to be a striking chronicle of human experiences, universal themes, and timeless struggles thatRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1308 Words   |  6 PagesIn Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe, the reader is taken on a literary journey to a Nigerian tribe, the Umuofia, to experience first-hand the struggles of a warrior named Okonkwo. At first glance, the novel appears to be written for a very specific audience: scholars familiar with Nigerian history, traditions, and culture. However, upon further examination the novel reveals itself to be a striking chronicle of human experiences, universal them es, and timeless struggles that appeal to every humanRead MoreThe Power of Fear in Things Fall Apart Essays1039 Words   |  5 Pages The Power of Fear in Things Fall Apart In the novel Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe, the theme of the power of fear is presented throughout the whole book and is mainly expressed in the main character, Okonkwo. Okonkwo strives all of his life to become a stronger, more powerful, and a successful individual. He wants to do this because his father was a slack and lazy person who lived most of his life in debt and had no titles to his name. People often looked at his father as a women figureRead MoreFahrenheit 451 Comparison Essay1698 Words   |  7 Pagesfight can be seen throughout history books and literary classics such as Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury and Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe. In Fahrenheit 451, the main character, Guy Montag is fighting against the technological revolution taking place in the 23rd century. He battles with a society full of censorship, where everyone is too caught up with their new gadgets to have meaningful conversations. Okwonko, the main character of Things Fall Apart, is also fighting a battle, a battle againstRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart2105 Words   |  9 Pagesand research the novel â€Å"Things Fall Apart† by Chinua Achebe so as to be able to understand what the novel is all about. It involves deciphering all relevant interpretations about how one culture develops in direct competition against the emergence of another foreign culture, such as the colonialist. The novel, together with its various themes and aspects of culture therefore portray deep knowledge about the novel. An Analysis of the Book â€Å"Things Fall Apart† One of the mostRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe Research Paper931 Words   |  4 Pagesworks. Honestly as horrible it is that he had to go through all of that we should be grateful because without his suffering these masterpieces wouldn’t have been fabricated. While intensifying his philosophy for short stories Edgar Allan Poe wrote â€Å"The Fall of the House of Usher† reflecting the characteristics of Dark Romantic Movement. Born on January 19, 1809, Edgar’s childhood was no fairy tale. At age three both his parents died and he was sent to live with a tobacco exporter, John Allan in RichmondRead MoreCharacter Analysis Of Dear John1624 Words   |  7 Pagescharacterization of John Tyree in Dear John is the most important part of the novel by far—it is the peanut butter to the rest of the novel’s jelly. Dear John is a romance novel written by the acclaimed Nicholas Sparks, in which main character John falls in love with Savannah while on leave from the army, the â€Å"kind of love that leaves Savannah waiting for John to finish his tour of duty, and John wanting to settle down with the woman who has captured his heart† (Sparks, â€Å"Synopsis†). But then John decidesRead MoreAnalysis of George Orwells Shooting an Elephant Essay example1050 Words   |  5 PagesTechnique Analysis of ‘Shooting an elephant’ Written by George Orwell Essay by Arthur Diennet In 1936, George Orwell published his short story ‘Shooting an elephant’ in an English magazine. Since then, it has been republished dozens of times and holds a place as a definitive anti-colonial piece of literature, in an era where the British Empire was at its peak and covered almost 1/3 of the Earth’s surface. George Orwell believed that â€Å"†¦imperialism was an evil thing...† and uses much themes, symbolismRead MorePost-Colonial View on Things Fall Apart Essay1771 Words   |  8 PagesA Post-colonial Analysis of a Changing Society in Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart (1958) The desire to conquer land that was previously unexplored has existed throughout history. This desire forced many indigenous societies, who were usually dominated technologically, to adapt to the teachings and overall system of the ‘superior’ conqueror nation with destruction as the only alternative. This causes a major impact on how a certain society functions, even after seeking independence from theRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1702 Words   |  7 Pages Title: Things Fall Apart Biographical information about the author: Chinua Achebe was born in Nigeria in 1930. He had an early career as a radio host, and later became the Senior Research Fellow at the University of Nigeria. After moving to America, he became an English professor at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Achebe has won numerous awards for his poetry and fiction, including the Man Booker prize and Commonwealth Poetry Price. He currently teaches at Bard College. Author: Chinua

Possible Warning Signs on Research Essay Samples You Should Know About

Possible Warning Signs on Research Essay Samples You Should Know About Our work will be totally unique, giving you a good foundation of academic data and reference material. Our customer support will gladly tell you whether there are any special offers at the present time, in addition to make sure you are getting the very best service our business can deliver. It's extremely important to read carefully essay services reviews, because you would like to prevent low excellent services. Our application essay service won't ever disillusion you and you'll be happy by our performance. New Questions About Research Essay Samples When reviewing a journal, it's crucial that you read the guide to come up with an extensive comprehension of the most important agenda and content. An essay outline is a set of ideas and ideas related to the subject issue. After you are in possession of an effective thesis statement, you can keep on elaborating it in the remainder of your paper. Next comes the all-important thesis statement that comprises a clear outlining of what facets of the author's argument you are going to be discussing. Writing the college application essay can be among the most daunting elements of applying to college. If you believe your writing abilities are exceptional and that you don't need a sample essay for a guide, you might need to think again. Creative essays should have a topic. You just need to select the proper keyword phrases to have the ability to locate the proper example essays. For example, you will probably learn to choose or make a best essay topic. A scholarly research critique includes an overview of the very first paragraph. You have to remember that the authors of those essays have the ability to compose a high-quality piece since they chose the proper topics for them. The Research Essay Samples Chronicles Finding the most suitable sample ought to be simple, as there are hundreds of them available online. Together with our detailed guides and hints, you will have the ability to tackle a review effectively. When it's an editorial piece or internet article, you can get a match that applies in your case. If you're writing a scientific review article, you are going to be asked to indicate database searches to confirm your research. The Research Essay Samples Game If you receive any instructions, they'll be brief. The correct procedure to begin a review is to narrow back on a superb topic. Should you need samples fast, then you are going to almost certainly enjoy our simple three-step course of action. When you work wi th us, you're guaranteed that every one of the samples and topics will be customized to fit your purposes. Where to Find Research Essay Samples Because that job is intimidating, it's often hard to determine where to begin. The very first step to writing a summary is to recognize the central subject of the guide. Adverts with a simple story, short length and crystal clear information will often interest the audience and permit them to continue to keep their concentration. When you check at two sentences, the outcome isn't ideal for the cause. For some of them you will require help, while others it is possible to write by yourself. There's not anything wrong with building better relationships with your family. After discovering our website, you will no longer will need to bother friends and family with these kinds of requests. For those who have friends who've been successful with their college applications, you might be lucky for them to make it possible for you to read thei r own essays. The Start of Research Essay Samples An anecdote is a brief story about an actual individual or event. You just need to understand the situation and move forward also. Based on your field of interest, our article example will offer you a sense of the way to manage an article review. You can opt for a subject that's now on the trend or a human-interest story. Assuming you have some idea on the overall area you want to deal with in your essay, the upcoming significant step is choosing listing down anything you know on the matter. With essays, there are those who commit a great deal of mistakes during the writing procedure, and the majority of them don't know that. Further, one has the capability to understand the outcome of rash driving, over speeding. Things You Won't Like About Research Essay Samples and Things You Will If you don't, it is possible to actually hurt your odds of admission. It is possible to also find several discounts on our site which will help you to save some more money for future orders or anything you want to spend them on. You want to understand how to compose an effective essay as it is a typical foundation for a student's grade. You've got to compose several academic papers over the span of a year.

Operations and Production Management System - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Operations and Production Management System. Answer: Introduction Latino Engineering is based in New South Wales in Australia. It is a midsize company with 300 employees. The company provides the services of design, development and manufacturing of the engineering equipment supplies to the industries, such as utilities, oil gas and construction infrastructure. The company has grown tremendously, by the founder Dominic Latino, who is a passionate mechanical engineer with profound designing and developing skills in engineering equipment. The company has got several patents for the engineering equipment and Dominic has designed them for over years, with passion. The company has grown tremendously for over 30 years, winning great clientele, who have great regard and respect for the professionalism and quality work of Dominic and became a much sought after company with huge profitability. Dominic, reaching to his 65 years of age wants to retire and want to sell the whole part of the company, and there are many investors, who are interested to purchase Latino Engineering, because of its great reputation, patents and profitability. Finally, Dominic has sold the company to an investment group for sizeable amount and the new company continued operations with the same name of the company and most of the work force, though some of senior engineering professionals have sought other opportunities. The assumptions are made as the following, during the development of the continuous improvement plan. Latino Engineering company has been declined in the quality, because of insufficient passion, possessed by the new investment group. So, having everything similar, except some of the senior management professionals leaving the company, the quality of the product and so reputation of the company has been deteriorated. The new senior management has comparatively, lesser commitment, towards maintaining the quality of the manufacturing products and consistent reputation of the company. The senior management provides all the necessary support for the new continuous improvement process, which would be proposed and developed by the project management. The general process of manufacturing of engineering equipment is considered and the business processes with associated activities are assumed and listed. The most possible and general root causes of the manufacturing company are assumed and presented in the report. The data given in the case study, about the reputation of the company and the respective problems in the business processes are considered as the evidences. The complaints from the clients are given as the following. Defective engineering equipment Poor follow up of design and development with clients Much longer turnaround time for the resolution of the issue Non-responsive team for customer service Packing of wrong engineering equipment and delivery to the clients in some cases The senior management was initially surprised at the quality decline of their products, though most of the workforce is retained and similar work processes are disrupted minimally, and responded to arrest the situation. The initiative has been taken for continuous improvement plan for overcoming the complaints and issues. The plan is expected to be developed and implemented in the next three months of duration. The current problems and issues should be focussed deeper so that their root causes are identified and based on the root cause the solution can be developed and proposed for the identified problem (Chanda, 2017). There are various methodologies to implement this process and six sigma is one of the famous and well proven methodologies. Initially, six sigma team has to be developed with black belt or master black belt, to identify the problem and improve the quality of the processes in Latin Engineering. The six sigma methodology can be implemented in this case and context, by implementing the following phases of DMAIC (Manger Shinde, 2014). DMAIC is one of the six sigma methodologies, developed and proposed for the continuous improvement processes. DMAIC involves the processes to be done in the following phases. Define Measure Analyse Improve Control This is the key phase in applying the six sigma methodology, since when this phase is done appropriately, the right root cause can be identified and the following phases go in the appropriate ways, without any deviation. This phase helps improving the goals of project and these goals are to be based on the needs and wants of the customer. In the context of the Latino engineering it is important to investigate and identify the root cause of the dissatisfaction and complaints received by the customers. In this context, feasible project scope has to be refined and the project goals are to be set up and the root cause of the quality decline in manufacturing the engineering equipment have to be discovered (Sokovic et al., 2009). Defectiveness of product Poor design and development follow up with clients Longer turnaround time for issue resolution Wrong product delivery, some times Based on the complaints found from the customers, it is understood that there are quality issues in multiple departments, like in the basic design process, based on the customer feedback, process of manufacturing, customer service and sales departments. Since, these are the key departments that can influence the overall performance and reputation of the company, the entire business processes are to be developed, in terms of quality. In terms of design and development, mostly the previous work processes are not disrupted and the company has to realize any product has to be developed, in terms of changing the needs of the customers. So, apart from the complaints and feedback received by the company, these concerns and suggestions are not considered for the refinement of the engineering equipment. Customers complaints are to be taken as opportunities to develop the product design and develop updated engineering equipment. The problem can be defined in this context is the quality decline the following business processes. Manufacturing process Design and development process of product Customer service process Sales process Though it is also possible to reengineer the product, based on the requirements of the customers, it is basically important to refine the manufacturing the processes. Identification and defining the problem involves the quality tool of cause and effect diagram. To find the deviation or decline of the quality, it is important to measure the quality existing, in the present business. Quality measurement can be done by the following critical success factors, measured. The process of measuring is done through the check sheet quality tool (Jeyaraman Teo, 2010). Each of the complaint received from the customer, has to be placed, in any one of the following critical success factors, related to the Latino Engineering business processes. Now, it is important to find the competitive leverages, by identifying the most important critical success factors. This is an important phase again, since, each and every complaint from the customer has to be categorized in each of the categories, mentioned above. Then the final score has to be considered for the following phase of analysis (Sunder, 2016). Plan to Reduce Root Cause Analysis has to be done, based on the resulted statistics after performing the previous phase called, Measure. The analysis of the process has to be done, by considering the scores obtained. The category or each of the critical success factors of Latino Engineering has to be compared among them and all these CSFs have to be ordered, in descending order. After analysing all the CSFs, the highest scored CSF has to be considered and followed. The analysis phase has to be realized with the cause and effect diagram. The analysis process is performed for identifying, validating and selecting the root cause. After the analysis, the root cause has to be listed based on descending order of CSF accordingly. Then the root cause has to be identified, based on, which process has got the maximum score has been obtained, for manufacturing, design development, sales and customer service processes. Root cause analysis can be done with fishbone diagram. The first two potential root causes and the respective processes are to be listed as the basic root causes and need primary focus. Another important aspect of the analysis phase of the Latino Engineering case, the inputs have to be identified, for each of the root cause obtained. It means if the manufacturing process has got highest priority, based on the score, then it is important to find the sub-category critical success factor. Then the input or the accurate process of the manufacturing process has to be identified. For example, if the product is found to be defective, in the very first usage of the product, it should be categorized in 1k, and the process of testing the final product has to be emphasized. In this way based on the high scored CSF, has to be analysed to be the major root cause that demands much focus for improvement (Pika et al., 2016). Let us assume that defective product, found in the first usage is found to be the root cause, followed by 4c, which is longer turnaround time. Then the improvement plans are to be proposed based on these factors and root causes. Continuous Improvement Plan Based on the high priority and high scored critical success factor, the pin-pointed root cause has to be identified, tested and implemented, both in part and completely as a whole as a solution, to the quality decline problem of Latino Engineering. Then, this process has to be refined primarily, by creating multiple solutions. These solutions can be, Setting six sigma policy to ensure that out of total number of engineering equipment manufactured, in each day, each of them has to be checked against its operation and quality and the report has to be submitted to the operation head. The quality check and control employees are to be trained for accuracy and accountability of their tasks and activities. Replacing the quality department workforce with much experienced and more accountable workforce. Recruiting quality control head with accountability of the final product quality. Adding additional cycle of quality check and ensure that each and every equipment is operational. Having created the multiple solutions, one of the solutions has to be selected. These solutions can be tested with PDCA (Plan Do Check Act) cycle and the results are to be obtained. Having analyzed the solutions, recruiting quality control head with the accountability of the final product quality and operation is found to be effective compared to all the other solutions (Hamin, 2016). After the best possible solution gets identified for the Latino Engineering, the risks and additional efforts associated with this solution have to be developed. So, for the recruitment of the quality control head, the company has to allocate additional budget expenses, in terms of salaries, benefits and slightly added process of the quality check process. However, the risks associated with this solution can still be, Recruited head may not be justifying the accountability of his or her tasks and activities and if happened so, there will be loss of time, efforts and money for the company, though, there would be no worse of the problem. Initial months should be allocated as the tolerant period. May take longer time to achieve the objective So, having understood the risks associated with the solution developed, as recruitments of the quality check head, the solution can be still implemented, since it solves the problem or may take longer time to solve the problem, but does not worse the problem. So, the implementation plan for the recruitment of head solution, can be (Nashmi et al., 2017), Contact recruit consulting firm Hire the quality control head Assign the responsibilities and accountability Give a tolerance period of two months as a probation period Confirm and continue the solution, if the objective of resolution of the issue is achieved. The final phase of the DMAIC for the continuous improvement plan is to control. The improvement plan has to be standardized with the control phase. The control phase consists of standardization process that should be consistently monitored and recorded to ensure that the results are obtained and objectives are achieved. For standardizing the process of continuous improvement plan, by considering one critical success factor of final quality check process and the solution of recruiting the head, a control chart has to be developed and implemented on regular, in fact on daily basis. A statistics of the total number of defects reported and complained by the customer, in each day has to be recorded. A graph has to be drawn with the 30 days period in the X-axis and number of defects complained for the ordered engineering equipment in each day. Ideally, the graph has to be grounded to zero, though it would be over expectation. So, the graph should be declining each and every day (Abraham, 2016). When the graph reaches to zero, on one day, the same results are to be strived to be continued. Recommendations After development of the continuous improvement plan having taken an example of one most probable critical success factor, the following recommendations are made for the senior management. The present quality standards to be followed with zero tolerance. The continuous improvement plan has to be implemented for the first three months and a meet has to be arranged with project management team to discuss the outcomes and results. Finally, the senior management has to be analyzing the reports and records at the end of each working day, with direct and on-site supervision. Conclusion The Latino Engineering company, having suffered from the quality decline after 12 months of period, after Dominic has sold the company to other investment group, the project has been initiated for continuous improvement process, by adopting the required quality tools, accordingly. Six sigma methodology has been taken as the reference to develop continuous improvement plan. One of the six sigma processes, DMAIC has been used directly, for the continuous improvement process. Finally, the solution has been proposed, by considering the each of the sub-category of each of the business process, manufacturing, design and development, sales and customer service processes. References Abraham, Z., Zhang, A., Wen, L., Yangyan, Shi, Ting, S. C., Xavier, S. Z. Sim. X. Z.2016. Lean and Six Sigma in logistics: a pilot survey study in Singapore. International Journal of Operations Production Management 36:11, 1625-1643. Alhuraish, I. Robledo, C., Kobi. A., 2017. A comparative exploration of lean manufacturing and six sigma in terms of their critical success factors. Journal of Cleaner Production 164. Antony, J., Rodgers, B., Cudney, E. A.. 2017. Lean Six Sigma in policing services: case examples, lessons learnt and directions for future research. Total Quality Management Business Excellence 28, 1-13. Anupama, P., Prashar. A. 2017. Integration of Taguchi and Shainin DOE for Six Sigma improvement: an Indian case. International Journal of Quality Reliability Management 34:7, 898-924. Arif. S. 2016. Leadership for change. Business Process Management Journal 22:5, 939-956. Brkic, V. S., Tomic, B. 2016. Employees factors importance in Lean Six Sigma concept. The TQM Journal 28:5, 774-785. Cabrita, M. R., Domingues, J. P., Requeijo, J. 2016. Application of Lean Six-Sigma methodology to reducing production costs: case study of a Portuguese bolts manufacturer. International Journal of Management Science and Engineering Management 11:4, 222-230. Chada, R. 2017. Value Through continous improvement, National research council, Saskatchewan, Canada. de Freitas J. G., de Freitas, J. G, Gomes, C., Costa, H. G. 2017. Impacts of Lean Six Sigma over organizational sustainability. International Journal of Lean Six Sigma 8:1, 89-108. de Freitas, J. G., Costa, H. G., Ferraz, F. T. 2017. Impacts of Lean Six Sigma over organizational sustainability: A survey study. Journal of Cleaner Production 156, 262-275. Edward D. Arnheiter, John Maleyeff, (2005) "The integration of lean management and Six Sigma", The TQM Magazine, Vol. 17 Issue: 1, pp.5-18 Federico, C., Cosenz, F. 2017. Supporting start-up business model design through system dynamics modelling. Management Decision 55:1, 57-80. Gmez, F. J. P., Filho, M. G. 2017. Complementing lean with quick response manufacturing: case studies. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology 90:5-8, 1897-1910. Hamrin. S. 2016. Communicative leadership and context. Corporate Communications: An International Journal 21:3, 371-387. Jeyaraman, Leam Kee Teo, (2010) "A conceptual framework for critical success factors of lean Six Sigma: Implementation on the performance of electronic manufacturing service industry", International Journal of Lean Six Sigma, Vol. 1 Issue: 3, pp.191-215, Lande, M., Shrivastava, R. L. Seth, D. 2016. Critical success factors for Lean Six Sigma in SMEs (small and medium enterprises). The TQM Journal 28:4, 613-635. Leopoldo, G., de Leeuw, S., Ruud, D. 2016. Logistics services and Lean Six Sigma implementation: a case study. International Journal of Lean Six Sigma 7:3, 324-342. Manger, V. M., Dr. Shinde, V. B. 2014. Application of 7 quality control tools for continuous improvement of manufacturing processes. International Journal of Engineering Research and General Science, Vol, 2., Issue 4. Marques, P. A. Meyrelles, P. M. Saraiva, P. M. Frazao-Guerreiro. F. J. Integrating Lean Six Sigma with ISO 9001:2015. Nashmi, C., Chugani, N., Vikas, K., Kumar, V., Jose, G. R. Arturo, Garza-Reyes, J. A., Luis, R. L., Luis, R. L., Arvind, U., Upadhyay. A. 2017. Investigating the green impact of Lean, Six Sigma and Lean Six Sigma. International Journal of Lean Six Sigma 8:1, 7-32. Pika, A. Aalst, W.M.P. Wynn, M.T. Fidge, C.J. Hofstede, A.H.M. 2016. Evaluating and predicting overall process risk using event logs. Information Sciences 352-353, 98-120. Prashar. A. 2016. A conceptual hybrid framework for industrial process improvement: integrating Taguchi methods, Shainin System and Six Sigma. Production Planning Control 27:16, 1389-1404. Raja, S.V., Raju, R. Rajkanth, R. Nagaraj. M. 2016. An empirical assessment of Lean Six Sigma Awareness in manufacturing industries: construct development and validation. Total Quality Management Business Excellence 1-18. Shokri, A., Waring, T. S., Nabhani. F. 2016. Investigating the readiness of people in manufacturing SMEs to embark on Lean Six Sigma projects. International Journal of Operations Production Management 36:8, 850-878. Sokovic, M., Jovanovic, J., Krivokapic, Z., Vujovic, A. 2009. Basic quality tools in continuous improvement process, Journal of Mechanical Engineering. Sunder, V. M. 2016. Lean Six Sigma in higher education institutions. International Journal of Quality and Service Sciences 8:2, 159-178. Tsironis, L. K., Psychogios, A. G. 2016. Road towards Lean Six Sigma in service industry: a multi-factor integrated framework. Business Process Management Journal 22:4, 812-834. Yang, Y. Peter K.C. Lee, T.C. Cheng. E. 2017. Leveraging selected operational improvement practices to achieve both efficiency and creativity: A multi-level study in frontline service operations. International Journal of Production Economics Zakaria, D., Zoubeir, L., Antoine, B. 2016. Experiencing Lean Six Sigma in the French residential construction. International Journal of Lean Six Sigma 7:4, 346-368.

Collision Aviodance Essays - Avionics, Air Traffic Control

Collision Aviodance Collision Avoidance: ADS-B or TCAS March 7, 2000 INTRODUCTION Background Collision avoidance is something that has been a problem in aviation for a long time. Most of the flights conducted today rely on the see and avoid concept and ground radar. Both of which have their flaws. The FAA predicts that mid-air collisions will increase by 300% over the next 20 years due to the increase in flights being flown by all areas of the aviation community (Kraus xiv). Civil aircraft have had onboard protection from midair collisions only since 1990 and general aviation aircraft are not required to have any collision avoidance technology onboard(www.cassd.org 1). In order to effectively manage the national airspace system in the future we will need to implement Free Flight. Free Flight is a concept designed to enhance safety and efficiency of the airspace by allowing aircraft to choose their own route instead of using victor airways (www.ads-b.com 1). Along with this freedom there is still the problem of aircraft separation which when on an instrument flight plan is air traffic control's (ATC) responsibility. In free flight there may be areas where ATC cannot give the required collision avoidance necessary. In order to safely manage the safety zone around an aircraft, pilots will need to rely on systems installed in the aircraft for better separation. Purpose The purpose of this report is to identify whether Automatic Dependence Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B) or Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS II) should be placed in all aircraft if the FAA decides that there is a need for some collision avoidance technology to be required for all aircraft. TCAS is currently required on all commercial passenger aircraft over 30 seats and ADS-B is currently being tested. Scope In this report, I will discuss: ? Automatic Dependant Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B) ? ADS-B's Advantages and Disadvantages ? Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) ? TCAS's Advantages and Disadvantages ? Summarize which system is better for collision avoidance Body ADS-B ADS-B is a collision avoidance tool that allows aircraft to transmit position, speed, heading and identification via a data link to either other aircraft in the air or on the ground and/or controllers on the ground. ADS-B can also be used with equipped vehicles on the surface movement area. An ADS-B emitter will periodically broadcast the required information obtained from the onboard navigation systems. Other equipped aircraft will be able to receive this information and view it on the Cockpit Display of Traffic Information (CDTI). The CDTI is a display that shows traffic in relation to your heading. It is a multifunctional display that can incorporate weather and navigation information. Other aircraft that are receiving the broadcast will be able to avoid a collision and maintain separation much easier than the methods used today. This will lead to safer and more efficient aircraft operations. ADS-B will be able to provide controllers on the ground with valuable information that they might not be able to see on modern secondary radar. If all aircraft were equipped, separation coverage would be granted everywhere not just in certain areas. ADS-B will also provide accurate position and identification information of aircraft and equipment on the airport surface area. This will enhance the pilot's and controller's job of avoiding aircraft and vehicles on the ground during times of bad weather. The FAA has conducted Ground-to-Ground, Air-to-Ground, and Air-to-Air tests on ADS-B. So far these tests have been very successful in all areas (www.faa.gov). Advantages and Disadvantages of ADS-B ADS-B offers many advantages for air-to air and ground-to-air surveillance. First it greatly enhances situational awareness while in flight. The ability to see other aircraft on the CDTI is extremely helpful in adverse weather. Another advantage of ADS-B is its ability to let controllers see aircraft movement out of their surveillance coverage. It also offers reduced communication congestion because controllers do not have to advise of aircraft in the vicinity. On the ground, ADS-B provides some of the same benefits as it does in the air such as reduced communications, situational awareness, and it also provides for reduced taxi and takeoff delays (www.faa.gov 2). ADS-B will increase operational capacity and efficiency by providing more accurate information for the terminal areas. A main disadvantage of the system is that in order for it to work properly, in

Free Essays on Elie Wiesels Night

themselves, in spite of the disbelief, degradation and destruction of the concentration camp universe. Night opens in 1943, during a time when Hungary's Jews were still largely untouched by the horrors of the Holocaust. It begins with a description of Moshe the Beadle, who is instructing the pious young Eliezer in the mysteries of the cabbala, Jewish mysticism. Eliezer's education is interruptedwhen Moshe is deported with the other foreign-born Jews of Sighet. Moshe returns to Sighet with an almost unbelievable story: all the Jews with whom he was deported have been massacred. The villagers react with disbelief; they denounce him as a madman. As Ora Avni writes, this first episode of Night reminds the reader of the perils of disbelief. Wiesel, the writer, occupies the same position as Moshe is the story: he is telling stories that are too horrible to be believed, and yet they are true. As Lucy Dawidowicz writes, "To comprehend the strange and unfamiliar, the human mind proceeds from the reality of experience by applying reason, logic, and analogy...The Jews, in their earliest encounters with the anti-Jewish policies of Hitler's Germany, saw their situation as a retro version of their history, but in their ultima... Free Essays on Elie Wiesel's Night Free Essays on Elie Wiesel's Night Elie Wiesel's Night was first published in an English translation in 1960; it is a slightly fictionalized account of Wiesel's experiences as a concentration camp survivor. His first attempt to write about his experiences was written in Yiddish and contained some eight hundred pages; the English translation of the French version of those experiences, Night, is less than a hundred and fifty pages. It is episodic in structure, with only a few key scenes in each chapter serving to illustrate the themes of the work. One of the most important of these themes is faith, and specifically Eliezer's struggle to retain his faith in God, in himself, in humanity, and in words themselves, in spite of the disbelief, degradation and destruction of the concentration camp universe. Night opens in 1943, during a time when Hungary's Jews were still largely untouched by the horrors of the Holocaust. It begins with a description of Moshe the Beadle, who is instructing the pious young Eliezer in the mysteries of the cabbala, Jewish mysticism. Eliezer's education is interruptedwhen Moshe is deported with the other foreign-born Jews of Sighet. Moshe returns to Sighet with an almost unbelievable story: all the Jews with whom he was deported have been massacred. The villagers react with disbelief; they denounce him as a madman. As Ora Avni writes, this first episode of Night reminds the reader of the perils of disbelief. Wiesel, the writer, occupies the same position as Moshe is the story: he is telling stories that are too horrible to be believed, and yet they are true. As Lucy Dawidowicz writes, "To comprehend the strange and unfamiliar, the human mind proceeds from the reality of experience by applying reason, logic, and analogy...The Jews, in their earliest encounters with the anti-Jewish policies of Hitler's Germany, saw their situation as a retro version of their history, but in their ultima...

Benefits of Online Education (See Instruction) Research Paper

Benefits of Online Education (See Instruction) - Research Paper Example Online education provides a myriad of benefits for people, as well organizations because it allows for, among others, flexibility. This means that regardless of people’s physical locations, they can attain the same level of education by taking similar online courses. Teachers and professors optimize the focus and timelessness of the learning curriculum while students are able to fit learning time into their busy schedules (Bullen, 2007). The purpose of this paper is to examine the benefits provided by online education. Online education offers immense benefits to students by providing a flexible schedule, student enrichment and expanded education access and choice. Perhaps one of the most notable benefits of online education is the provision of a flexible learning schedule. The fact that more and more professionals are going back to school to further their studies is an indication of the effectiveness of online education. The number of hours left after a typical day at work is relatively insufficient to allow people to attend class the traditional way. Therefore, online education provides for flexible class schedules, which meet the needs of working students, parents and adults. For working students and parents, online education allows for course work, as well as instructions, to be customized to their specific fields and subject areas (Kumar, 2010). For instance, marketing professionals only take courses related to their vocational fields rather than an assortment of courses. This facilitates the enrichment of their work practices, resulting in benefits such as promotions. Moreover, online courses do not have fixed time schedules for lectures so working students can go about their other duties without the fear of missing lessons. The only deadlines students have are when to hand in their assignments and tests. Otherwise working students can decide when, as well as where to study and complete their regular class work. In addition, online education allows for adjustable time schedules instead of forcing students to adjust their lives to predetermined times. Traditional classroom education involves requirements of fixed location and time. After location, the greatest impediment on learning is time for both students and instructors who must be available in line with the face-to-face traditional system of education. Therefore, by removing the restriction of predetermined time, students are allowed to take part in education at a time that suits their schedules. Additionally, since there is no commuting or traveling involved with getting to the class, students can access online courses at whichever time they have free time on their hands, for instance, during public holidays and weekends when most schools do not have classes. Furthermore, online education established more educational means than traditional education (Kumar, 2010). There is a wide array of means through which education is imparted in online education, which include technol ogy gadgets such as computers, iPads and smart phones. Access to resources is typically through online methods, and the resources are mostly online sources such as online books and journals. Another major benefit of online education is the guarantee of student enrichment. Online education effectively enhances student outcomes. Student outcomes serve as a measure of the quality of education. Therefore, the enhancement of student outcomes speaks to the quality of online education. Student enrichment occurs because online education

Domestic violence vs law enforcement Research Paper

Domestic violence vs law enforcement - Research Paper Example â€Å"Domestic violence includes abuse inflicted on spouses; children; older or otherwise vulnerable adults, including parents; and any other persons similarly situated to a spouse, child, or parent. The abusive conduct may be physical, sexual, emotional, or financial† (Kruger & Valltos). Historically, domestic violence has been treated differently by different people because of different religious beliefs and cultures. For example, in Islamic beliefs, the women are not getting enough freedom and the males often tortured their wives. It was/is difficult for a Muslim woman living in a fundamental society to register a complaint against her husband with respect to domestic violence. Male domination was so prominent earlier and not only in Muslim cultures, but even in other cultures also, women were afraid of registering complaints about their husbands. However, such beliefs are slowly diminishing and because of the efforts of feminists and currently women see no dangers in regis tering complaints about the abusive behaviors of their partners. â€Å"In the last twenty years public pressure to recognize domestic violence as a crime, rather than a family problem continued to grow due to educational efforts by victims and advocates†(Hunt, p.ii). ... He will try to incorporate such experiences with every domestic violence incident he may investigate. Thus he will quite often fail to find out the nature of the crime or the actual culprit responsible for the crime. The Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment provides that no state shall "deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." If a woman can prove that a police department has a gender-based policy of refusing to arrest men who abuse their wives, she can claim that the policy is based on gender stereotypes and therefore violates the equal protection laws (Domestic Violence—The Laws and the Courts - Landmark Legal Decisions) Different states have different laws with respect to domestic violence. Some states treat even simple domestic problems as serious cases whereas some other states may neglect simple incidents with respect to domestic violence. However, in most of the cases, arrests are common for serious domestic violence c ases. Probation, treatment programs, fines, paying restitution to the victim, jail sentence etc are some of the common means of punishing the culprits in domestic violence cases. Alcohol addiction or drug addiction can cause domestic violence. In such cases, punishments will never be an option; the law enforcing agencies opt for treatment programs in such cases. Counseling is another major option available in solving domestic violence cases. In most of the cases, the family members engage is violent activities because of the momentary loss of control or short temper. In such cases, it is unwise to punish the criminal since the punishment will generate vengeance in the mind of the criminal and he/she will never

Rural Financial Intermediation of Ghana

Rural Financial Intermediation of Ghana CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study The rural sector comprises nearly 80% of Ghanas population of 18.5 million, with rural economic activities providing employment and incomes for an estimated 60% of rural dwellers (World Bank, 2001). At the same time, nearly 30 percent of rural inhabitants live below the poverty line. However, financial services remain significantly limited at present, mainly provided by informal groups and rural banks. After relatively successful macroeconomic and financial sector reforms, the absence of strong rural and micro finance institutions have continued to impede the attainment of rapid rural economic development. Existing rural financial institutions are often community-based, with strong socio-cultural linkages. The rural banks in particular are characterized by broad-based shareholdings by community members and compared to the larger commercial banks, have a higher propensity to serve clients with low asset base, education and/or collateral, clients who otherwise would have little or no access to formal financial services. At the same time, there is an emerging network of specialized micro-financial institutions that are testing out international best practice methodologies and adapting them to Ghanaian microfinance context and situations. Given the dispersion of rural banks, the nature of community ownership, and rural client base, development of strong rural and micro finance institutions would provide a coherent framework for rural economic growth that would lead to lowered poverty rates and improved standards of living for a majority of the countrys population. Since independence the Government of Ghana (GoG) has made several attempts to promote rural development to improve the living standards of its rural people. The 1992 Constitution has made a firm commitment to rural development as part of its national strategy to improve the living conditions in rural areas through decentralization with the establishment of political and administrative regions and districts. As part of its poverty reduction strategy the Government in 2000 sought funding from the World Bank under the Rural Financial Services Project (RFSP) to promote growth and reduce poverty in Ghana by expanding the outreach of financial services in rural areas and strengthening the sustainability of the institutions providing those services. The Rural Financial Services Project Objectives The Rural Financial Services Project (RFSP) seeks to promote growth and reduce poverty in Ghana by broadening and deepening financial intermediation in rural areas through the following measures: (i) strengthening operational linkages between informal and semiformal microfinance institutions and the formal network of rural and community banks in order to expand services to a larger number of rural clients; (ii) building capacity of the rural and community banks, the principal formal financial intermediaries operating in rural areas, in order to enhance their effectiveness and the quality of services they provide; (iii) supporting the establishment of an apex structure for the rural banking system to provide the economies of scale needed for these unit rural banks to address generic constraints related to check clearing, specie supply, liquidity management and training, etc. which have impeded growth of the rural finance sector; and (iv) strengthening the institutional and policy framework for improved oversight of the rural finance sector. 1.2 Problem Statement The search for a system to tackle the financial problems of the rural dweller started as far back as the 1960s under the Nkrumah regime. During that period, the need for a veritable rural financial system in Ghana to tackle the needs of small-scale farmers, fishermen, craftsmen, market women and traders and all other micro-enterprises was felt. The need for such a system was accentuated by the fact that the bigger commercial banks could not accommodate the financial intermediation problem of the rural poor, as they did not show any interest in dealing with these small-scale operators. Governments attempt in the past to encourage commercial banks to spread their rural network and provide credit to the agricultural sector failed to achieve any significant impact. The banks were rather interested in the finance of international trade, urban commerce and industry. There was, therefore, a gap in the provision of institutional finance to the rural agricultural sector. The failure of the commercial banks to lend on an appreciable scale to the rural sector had been attributed to the lack of suitable security on the part of farmers and the high operational costs associated with small savers and borrowers. Another reason may be the centralised structure of the banking set-up, which, despite their many branches countrywide, is controlled by their Head Offices in Accra, making decentralisation ineffective. One disadvantage of this system was that a centralised institution is not able to compete with the local private money lender in local knowledge and flexibility. More important still, the branch network of many banks covered mainly the commercial and semi-urban areas and did not reach down to the rural areas. Therefore, not only were rural dwellers denied access to credit from organized institutions, they could also not avail themselves of the opportunity of safeguarding their money and other valuable property which a bank provides. It is the realization that the existing institutional credit did not favour rural development that led to the search for a credit institution devoid of the challenges /disabilities of the existing banking institutions but possessing the advantages of the non-institutional credit agencies. This institution was the rural bank. 1.3 Research Questions The study sought to answer the following research questions: i. Are there success cases in the provision of rural financial services? ii. What are the challenges faced by the implementers of the Rural Financial Service Project (RFSP)? iii. How many of the rural poor have gained access to the financial services from the Rural and Community Banks? iv. What is the impact of the Rural Financial Service Project on the performance of the Rural and Community banks and what has been the profitability levels and shareholders fund of the rural banks? 1.4 Research Objectives The primary objective of the study was to ascertain the extent to which the Rural Financial Service Project had been able to promote growth and poverty reduction by strengthening the capacity of those institutions providing financial services. Other objectives for this study are as follows: i. To identify the challenges faced by the RCBs under the RFSP. ii. To assess the impact of the project on the growth and performance of the selected RCBs in terms of profitability, shareholders funds, total assets and deposits. iii. To determine the access of rural poor to financial services. 1.5 Significance of the Study The findings of this research may inform stakeholders: Government officials, policy makers, donor agencies, the World Bank and IMF of the importance of improving and strengthening the operational efficiency of the RCBs as an important intermediary in the provision of financial services to the rural areas to aid poverty alleviation. The recommendations, it is hoped, may encourage the formulation of appropriate policies and programmes to further develop these institutions with technical and financial assistance to lead the role of improving the quality of life of the rural dwellers. Results will contribute to a better understanding of the evolving structure of rural financial services and provide an input to the financial policy made by policy makers especially Bank of Ghana. 1.6 Scope of the Study The sampling area of the study covers 127 Rural and Community Banks in Ghana out of which five selected Rural and Community Banks in the Eastern, Ashanti and Greater Accra regions under the Rural Financial Service Project were considered as the sample size. These RCBs include Bosomtwe Rural Bank, Upper Manya Krobo Rural Bank, Ga Rural Bank, Nwabiagya Rural Bank and Dangme Rural Bank. The study looked at the financial performance of the Rural and Community Banks in Ghana between the period of 2002 and 2006 and also the impact of the RFSP on the selected RCBs. Impact was measured by growth in Profitability, Total deposits, Shareholders funds and access of rural poor to financial services. 1.7 Organization of the Study In order to present a systematic and consistent research, chapter one introduces the background of the study, the problem statement, the research questions, the objectives, significance of the study, and the scope of the study. Chapter two which is the literature review which will throw more light on related studies and concepts of rural financial service project, financial intermediations in the rural areas, challenges of rural financial intermediation and traditional approach to rural finance. Chapter three deals with the methodology adopted in the collection data for the research, description of the field instrument, procedure and data analysis. Chapter four is the presentation of results, interpretation and discussion of the results. Chapter five provides a summary of the study, the conclusions, limitations and recommendations of the study. CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction Financial intermediation is a pervasive feature of all of the worlds economies. As Franklin Allen (2001) observed in his AFA Presidential Address, there is a widespread view that financial intermediaries can be ignored because they have no real effects. They are a veil. They do not affect asset prices or the allocation of resources. As evidence of this view, Allen pointed out that the millennium issue of the Journal of Finance contained surveys of asset pricing, continuous time finance, and corporate finance, but did not survey financial intermediation. Here we take the view that the savings-investment process, the workings of capital markets, corporate finance decisions, and consumer portfolio choices cannot be understood without studying financial intermediaries. 2.2 Importance of Financial Intermediaries Why are financial intermediaries important? One reason is that the overwhelming proportion of every dollar financed externally comes from banks. In the United States for example, 24.4% of firm investment was financed with bank loans during the 1970 1985 periods. Bank loans are the predominant source of external funding in all the countries. In none of the countries are capital markets a significant source of financing. Equity markets are insignificant. In other words, if finance department staffing reflected how firms actually finance themselves, roughly 25 percent of the faculty would be researchers in financial intermediation and the rest would study internal capital markets. As the main source of external funding, banks play important roles in corporate governance, especially during periods of firm distress and bankruptcy. The idea that banks monitor firms is one of the central explanations for the role of bank loans in corporate finance. Bank loan covenants can act as trip wires signaling to the bank that it can and should intervene into the affairs of the firm. Unlike bonds, bank loans tend not to be dispersed across many investors. This facilitates intervention and renegotiation of capital structures. Bankers are often on company boards of directors. Banks are also important in providing liquidity by, for example, backing commercial paper with loan commitments or standby letters of credit. Banking systems seem fragile. Between 1980 and 1995, thirty-five countries experienced banking crises, periods in which their banking systems essentially stopped functioning and these economies entered recessions. (See Demirg-Kunt, Detragiache, and Gupta (2000), and Caprio and Klingebiel (1996). Because bank loans are the main source of external financing for firms, if the banking system is weakened, there appear to be significant real effects (e.g., see Bernanke (1983), Gibson (1995), Peek and Rosengren (1997, 2000)). Basically, financial intermediation is the root institution in the savings-investment process. Ignoring it would seem to be done at the risk of irrelevance. So, the viewpoint of this paper is that financial intermediaries are not a veil, but rather the contrary. In this paper, we survey the results of recent academic research on financial intermediation (Gorton and Winton, 2000). 2.3 The Existence of Financial Intermediaries The most basic question with regard to financial intermediaries is: why do they exist? This question is related to the theory of the firm because a financial intermediary is a firm, perhaps a special kind of firm, but nevertheless a firm. Organization of economic activity within a firm occurs when that organizational form dominates trade in a market. In the case of the savings-investment process, households with resources to invest could go to capital markets and buy securities issued directly by firms, in which case there is no intermediation. To say the same thing in a different way, non-financial firms need not borrow from banks; they can approach investors directly in capital markets. Nevertheless, most new external finance to firms does not occur this way. Instead it occurs through bank-like intermediation, in which households buy securities issued by intermediaries who in turn invest the money by lending it to borrowers. Again the obligations of firms and the claims ultimately owned by investors are not the same securities; intermediaries transform claims. The existence of such intermediaries implies that direct contact in capital markets between households and firms is dominated. Why is this? is the central question for the theory of intermediation (Gorton and Winton, 2000). Bank-like intermediaries are pervasive, but this may not require much explanation. On the liability side, demand deposits appear to be a unique kind of security, but originally this may have been due to regulation. Today, money market mutual funds may be good substitutes for demand deposits. On the asset side, intermediaries may simply be passive portfolio managers, that is, there may be nothing special about bank loans relative to corporate bonds. This is the view articulated by Fama (1980). Similarly, Black (1975) sees nothing special about bank loans. Therefore, we begin with an overview of the empirical evidence, which suggests that there is indeed something that needs explanation. 2.4 Empirical Evidence on Bank Uniqueness What do banks do that cannot be accomplished in the capital markets through direct contracting between investors and firms? There is empirical evidence that banks are special. Some of this evidence also attempt to discriminate between some of the explanations for the existence of financial intermediaries discussed below. To determine whether bank assets or liabilities are special relative to alternatives, Fama (1985) and James (1987) examine the incidence of the implicit tax due to reserve requirements. Their argument is as follows: Over time, U.S. banks have been required to hold reserves against various kinds of liabilities. In particular, if banks must hold reserves against the issuance of certificates of deposit (CDs), then for each dollar of CDs issued, the bank can invest less than a dollar. The reserve requirement acts like a tax. Therefore in the absence of any special service provided by bank assets or bank liabilities, bank CDs should be eliminated by non-bank alternatives. This is because either bank borrowers or bank depositors must bear the tax. Since CDs have not been eliminated, some party involved with the bank is willing to bear the tax. Who is this party? Fama finds no significant difference between the yields on CDs and the yields on commercial paper and bankers acceptances. CD holders do not bear the reserve requirement tax and he therefore concludes that bank loans are special. James revisits the issue and looks at yield changes around changes in reserve requirements and reaches the same conclusion as Fama. Another kind of evidence comes from event studies of the announcement of loan agreements between firms and banks. Studying a sample of 207 announcements of new agreements and renewals of existing agreements, James (1987) finds a significantly positive announcement effect. These contrasts with non-positive responses to the announcements of other types of securities being issued in capital markets (see James 1987) for the references to the other studies). Mikkelson and Partch (1986) also look at the abnormal returns around the announcements of different type of security offerings and also find a positive respons e to bank loans. Tables 12 provide a summary of the basic set of results. There are two main conclusions to be drawn. First, bank loans are the only instance where there is a significant positive abnormal return upon announcement. Second, equity and equity-related instruments have significantly negative abnormal returns. James (1987) concludes, banks provide some special service not available from other lenders (p. 234). 2.5 Mechanisms to Improve Financial Intermediation Recent developments in growth theory have stimulated renewed interest in the interactions of financial intermediation and growth. While most of the existing literature analyses the risk- sharing function of financial intermediaries, Raju Jan Singh, 1997 focused on the asset-valuation activity of banks. Following the early contributions of Goldsmith (1969), McKinnon (1973) and Shaw (1973), a general equilibrium endogenous growth model is presented, in which financial intermediaries increase the amount of accumulated capital, improve the mobilization of savings and enhance the efficiency of resource allocation. As in Greenwood and Jovanovic (1990) and King and Levine (1993b), banks are shown to be able to improve their lending efficiency by evaluating projects. Unlike the models presented by these authors, the banks evaluation capacity is not assumed to be exogenous. The ability of banks to gather the information needed to undertake this evaluation is linked to proximity, and the notion of geography may thereby be introduced. A link between proximity and faster growth rates can thus be shown, consistent with the observations of historians such as Cameron (1967). Furthermore, Singh, 1997 showed that a bank can improve the efficiency of its lending by opening branches. A poor branch network would thus affect negatively the economic growth rate, as Cameron (1967) suggests in the case of France in the 19th century. By contrast, relaxing regulations limiting the setting up of branches would promote faster growth, as Jayaratne and Strahan (1996) observe in the case of the United States. The size of the financial sector is therefore not the only important variable; its structure and the distribution of its deposits matter likewise. The model presented by Raju Jan Singh, 1997 could be extended in various ways. The contract offered by the bank to its potential borrowers could be enriched by the inclusion of other variables besides the interest rate. For instance, collateral requirements might be considered. Cash-flow or corporate net wealth could also be introduced as additional sources of information for banks. In this context, the proportion of entrepreneurs being evaluated might appear to be dependent on the size of the latter only, and not only on the proximity of a bank branch. 2.6 Effect of Financial Intermediaries The finance-growth nexus can be theoretically postulated only within the endogenous growth framework. Financial intermediation, by reducing information and transaction costs, can affect economic growth through two channels; productivity and capital formation. With regard to the first channel, it is generally argued that financial intermediaries by facilitating risk management, identifying promising projects, monitoring management, and facilitating the exchange of goods and services, can promote efficient capital allocation leading to a total factor productivity improvement (Levine, 1997). For example, Greenwood and Jovanovic (1990) shows that financial intermediation provides a vehicle for diversifying and sharing risks, inducing capital allocation shift toward risky but high expected return projects. This shift then spurs productivity improvement and economic growth. Diamond and Dybvig (1983) argues that households facing liquidity risks prefer liquid but low-yield projects to illiquid but high-yield ones, while financial intermediaries, through pooling the idiosyncratic liquidity risks, would like to invest a generous portion of their funds into illiquid but more profitable projects. Bencivenga and Smith (1991) argue that financial inte rmediaries by eliminating liquidity risks, channel households financial savings into illiquid but high-return projects and avoid the premature liquidation of profitable investments which favours efficient use of capital and promotes economic growth. The impact of financial intermediation on growth through the second channel-capital formation-is ambiguous. Tsuru (2000) argues that financial intermediation could affect the savings rate, and then capital formation and growth, through its impact on four different factors: idiosyncratic risks, rate-of-return risks, interest rates and liquidity constraints. By reducing idiosyncratic risks and relaxing liquidity constraints, financial intermediation might lower the savings rate and negatively affect growth. By reducing the rate-of-return risks through portfolio diversification, financial intermediation might negatively or positively influence the savings rate, depending on the risk aversion coefficient (Levhari and Srinivasan, 1969). Finally, the development of financial intermediation might raise the rate of return for households savings, which also has an ambiguous effect on the savings rate due to well-known income and substitution effects. In addition, financial intermediaries effi ciency amelioration could cut the financial resources absorbed by themselves, and raise the portion of households savings converted into productive investment which favors capital formation and growth. In conclusion, the theoretical literature shows that the development of financial intermediation affects economic growth mainly through its impact on the efficiency of capital use and the improvement of total factor productivity, while its growth effect through the savings rate and capital formation is theoretically ambiguous. 2.7 Introduction to Rural Financial Services Rural financial services refer to all financial services extended to agricultural and non-agricultural activities in rural areas; these services include money deposit/savings, loans, money transfer, safe deposit and insurance. Demanders/beneficiaries of rural financial services are mainly households, producers, input stockists/suppliers, traders, agro-processors and service providers. Rural financial services help the poor and low income households increase their incomes and build the assets that allow them to mitigate risk, smoothen consumption, plan for future, increase food consumption, invest in education and other lifecycle needs. These needs can be broadly categorized into working capital, fixed asset financing, income smoothing and life cycle events. Access to credit and financial services have the potential to make a difference between grinding poverty and economically secure life. Inspite of the importance of a savings account, 77 percent of Kenyan households have no access to a bank account (Kodhek, 2003). In the late 1990s, most mainstream commercial banks closed down some rural branches in order to cut costs and improve profits. The non-traditional financial institutions have emerged to fill the gap created by the mainstream banks which locked out low income and irregular earners. 2.8 Financial Intermediation in Rural Areas Financial intermediation is crucial for the development of rural villages. If these intermediations are used properly, they can help the rural residents increase their income. Likewise, banks and financial intermediaries may be able to recover expenses and make a profit by attracting deposits and granting rural loans. Several reasons are given in favour of financial intermediation. It is argued that rural financial markets (RFMs) reduce the cost of exchanging real resources. Financial intermediations also enhance a more efficient resource allocation. Firms and individuals may have different investment and consumption alternatives. Thus, some of them want to save at the time others plan to invest. Banks satisfy both desires. In addition, financial intermediation causes gains in risk management. Rural producers are typically subject to large variations in income and expenditure. Rural production heavily depends on the weather and price fluctuations. For example, expenditures may be hea vy at planting periods while income is realized with harvest. Therefore loans and savings are important and inexpensive ways to manage at least part of households risks. Moreover, financial intermediation may allow a farmer to undertake larger investments. For instance, a loan may permit a rural producer to buy a tractor before being able to save enough money to buy one with cash. Likewise financial intermediaries can benefit large number of households by accepting their short term deposits and providing a fewer borrowers with longer-term loans. In fact, savers, borrowers and intermediaries gain from this transformation of term structures that take place through intermediation. In addition financial intermediaries that deal with borrowers as savers reduce the information asymmetry characteristic of RFMs. By observing the savings patterns of customers, they obtain information about the income and wealth of clients. By that banks are better able to assess the quality of borrowers and reduce default risk. The drawback is that there is a general tendency for governments in less developed countries (LDCs) to interfere in RFMs. Thus few observers of formal RFMs in LDCs are satisfied with their recent performance. Markets are highly fragmented; they provide little services to rural residents; political interest interferes with RFMs operations; and official lenders are frequently on the edge of bankruptcy. RFMs in LDCs do not work like the classic competitive markets. On the contrary, some imperfections are characteristic of rural banks. These imperfections lead to a variety of problems. For example, the available information is imperfect or asymmetric. These are classic problems of RFMs. Borrowers differ in the likelihood of default. However, it is costly to determine the risk of default of each borrower. This problem is conventionally known as the screening problem or sometimes it is called the adverse selection problem (see Srinivasan, 1994, p. 15). Moreover, it is also costly to ensure that borrowers take actions that facilitate repayment. This situation is known in the related literature as the incentive problem or moral hazard problem. This problem turns out to be particularly severe when rural banks lend money at concessionary interest rates. That is the way most governments run credit programmes. If a farmer receives cheap money he will not display enough effort to ensure repayment. For instance, in the presence of high interest rates, borrowers may select investment projects that have higher potential pay-offs but a greater risk. These sort of economic activities (investments) require more effort from the borrower to be successful. Finally, it is also costly to enforce the credit contracts. This factor gives rise to the enforcement problem of rural financial markets. There is very little or no penalty in default cases in rural areas of LDCs. Therefore, seldom are the borrowers expected to be sanctioned for loan delinquency. Often it is found that some rural borrowers may be able but unwilling to repay. In addition, in many LDCs property rights are poorly defined so that actions against collateralized assets are ineffective. Governments of many LDCs often, for political reasons, engage in credit relaxation programmes, which diminish borrowers incentive to make their projects successful. Therefore, it is not surprising that government-run credit suffers from a tremendous default problem. The final result is that RFMs have not developed as real and effective capital markets. In the absence of capital markets, individuals turn to moneylenders. The common belief is that moneylenders charge monopoly interest rates, which capture borrowers returns from credit. To overcome those problems innovative credit policy interventions are required. Some few new financial institutions are now being successful to combat market imperfections. Among such institutions are the Grameen Bank of Bangladesh and some of its replications. For instance, group lending allows the financial institutions to transfer risk and transactions costs to credit recipients. It also permits some banking firms to monitor borrowers with other borrowers. 2.9 Current evidence: what we know 2.9.1 Challenges to Rural Financial Intermediation Hoff and Stiglitz (1990) and Besley (1994) have identified three major constraints to financial market development: information asymmetries between market participants; lack of suitable collateral; and high transaction costs. Risk related to agriculture, and to government and donor policies towards agriculture, should be added as a fourth major constraint to rural finance counting for the poor. Demirguc-Kunt and Levine (2004) noted that efficient contract enforcement, related to a supportive legal framework and robust internal operating systems in formal financial intermediaries (FFIs) is very important in the development of the financial sector and the economy as a whole. Constraints to the development of rural financial markets are discussed in more detail below. 2.9.1.1 Information Asymmetry This occurs when borrowers have more information about the out-turn of their investment and greater capacity to repay loans than lenders (Stiglitz and Weiss, 1981). FFIs usually attempt to reduce this problem by screening out high-risk borrowers from their track record (including credit performance, transactions on deposit accounts, cash flow statements and other accounts). However, in the case of most rural customers, this is not possible, because many keep no record of their transactions and/or do not use payment facilities of banks. In addition, access to borrower information is impeded by a lack of efficient transport, communications infrastructure and well-functioning asset registries and databases. 2.9.1.2 Risk High, and often covariant, risks in the rural economy are related to the dominance of agriculture, which accounts for a high percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (one third in the case of Africa) and employment (two-thirds in Africa) (UNDP Human Development Report, 2000). The long gestation period for many agricultural investments and the seasonality of output usually lead to uneven cash flow and variable demand for savings and credit. Agricultural production is largely dependent on the weather and the use of productivity-enhancing inputs is very low (both leading to yield or production risk), especially in sub-Saharan Africa where the average consumption of fertilizer is only 1015 kg per hectare, compared to about four times that on the Indian sub-continent (Pinstrup- Andersen et al., 1999). African yields are therefore very low and have risen only slightly since the 1980s (Badiane et al., 1997). Lack of credit is a major factor limiting the ability of smallholders to procure a

The Environmental Impact of Off-Shore Oil Exploration and Production Es

Introduction The extraction of oil onshore has been ongoing for several decades. Offshore oil extraction is a process that began decades after onshore exploration had begun. For many years, scientists and the oil companies were certain that the exploration and production of petroleum from deep-water formations would not incur any sort of environmental damages. Several decades later, scientists learned new information from monitoring programs and research studies that offshore drilling did cause effects on the health of benthic organisms and other marine fauna in the proximity of offshore platform rigs. This paper studies the consequences of offshore platform rigs on marine organisms and wildlife from the perspectives of what causes environmental degradation offshore, the issues pertaining to marine life, and the detriment incurred by oil exploration and production (E & P). This paper begins with a brief explanation of how the oil industry works and how a well is chosen, drilled, and put into production. Subsequently, I present the four major externalities from offshore oil E & P: (1) drilling muds and cuttings, (2) waters, (3) chronic oil spills, and (4) possible socio-economic disturbances. The final section of this research study presents concluding remarks. Quick overview of oil Exploration and production Oil companies performing exploration and production services belong in the ‘upstream’ area of the business. Upstream oil companies such as Exxon, Shell, and BP, among others, lease the services from ‘service companies’ to perform the actual drilling of the well. Pride International, Halliburton, Baker and BJ are a few major service companies. Pride International performs drilling worldwide, both onshore and offsho... ...Milligan/Milligan_e.html National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration Ocean Report : Offshore oil and gas Available at url http://www.publicaffairs.noaa.gov/oceanreport/oilandgas.html Southward, J. A. An Ecologists View of the Implications of the Observed Physiological and Biochemical Effects of Petroleum Compounds on Marine Organisms and Ecosystems Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, Vol. 297, No. 1087. (Jun. 1982) Pages 241-254. Travers, B. W. and Luney, R. P. Drilling tankers, and oil spills on the Atlantic Outer Continental Shelf Science, New Series, Vol. 194, No. 4267. (Nov. 19, 1976), 791-796. UNEP IE and The E & P Forum (Oil Industry International Exploration and Production Forum) Joint Publication Environmental Management in oil and gas exploration and production E&P Forum/UNEP IE 1997.